Journal Title Center of Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) Initials CMES Frequency Twice a year E-ISSN 2502-1044 Chief Editor Dr. Khabibi Muhammad Luthfi S.S., M.Hum. DOI Prefix : 10.20961/cmes Publisher Arabic Literature Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret Accreditation DOAJ; SINTA 3 SUBMISSION ANNOUNCEMENT Dear Authors, Please be informed that the OJS 3 submission system is currently under preparation and is not yet available for manuscript submissions. For the time being, all submissions should be made through our OJS 2 platform at the following link: https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/cmes/ We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause. We will inform you once the OJS 3 submission system is fully operational. Thank you for your understanding and cooperation. Sincerely, Editorial Team INDEXED : <a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2502-1044?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222085-563X%22%2C%222502-1044%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%7D">
Arabic Literature Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret
THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EGYPTIAN WOMEN'S ROLES IN THE NETFLIX SERIES AL-BACHTSU ‘AN OLA
The patriarchy that prevails in Egypt is frequently blamed for the domestication of women in that country. Al-Bachtsu 'an Ola, a Netflix series, challenges this narrative by showing a different notion about current Egyptian women. This paper examines the role of Egyptian women in today's modern society. This study examines the role of Egyptian women in today's modern society. The analysis examined situations and dialogues that reveal the reconstruction of women's roles in modern Egyptian society using feminist literary criticism as a perspective. The findings showed that the series depicts modern Egyptian women redefining their social roles in public.
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THE PRINCIPLES OF BALANCE AND THE EMERGENCE OF HUMANITY AWARENESS IN ‘ALI AHMAD BAKĀTSĪR’S SALLĀMAH AL-QASS: ISLAMIC LITERARY PERSPECTIVE
The worship of a servant to God will fall short of perfection without paying attention and treating those around them with respect. ‘Ali Ahmad Bakātsīr, through Sallāmah al-Qass, told a young man who solely practices solitary worship in his daily life and then suddenly falls in love with a sweet-voiced entertainer girl who changes his life. This paper aims to show the principles of balance and their impact on raising humanity's awareness in the novel, which can be classified as a textual-formalistic puritan Islamic literary work from an Islamic literary perspective. The data collection was carried out based on the work literature study method. The data were obtained by carefully reading the figures’ words, thoughts, and attitudes leading to a predetermined formal object. The data analysis method used was the interpretive method. The principles of balance found in the novel are (1) balance between individual worship and social worship, (2) balance between physical and spiritual life, and (3) balance between worldly life and the hereafter. These principles raise humanity's awareness, namely (1) other people outside of oneself need to be considered, not abandoned, and (2) one should not justify the good or bad of the other by only looking at their outward actions. Thus, the three principles of balance proposed by 'Ali Aḥmad Bakāṡīr in Sallāmah al-Qass show Islamic values, which are expected to be a guide for the life of Muslims. This is because this work is a puritan Islamic literature committed to implementing Islamic teachings for its adherents or believer.
WOMEN'S RESISTANCE IN THE NOVEL A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: A MIDDLE EASTERN STUDY FROM THE ISLAMIC FEMINISM PERSPECTIVE
This study examines women's resistance in the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini. The narrative of resistance was caused by women's rebellion against the culture restricting women's freedom in Afghanistan. The object of the study addressed in this novel is the life of Afghan women living in the confines of men and also patriarchal culture and struggle for freedom and escape from patriarchal culture. This study used a feminist approach conceptualized by Barlas feminism about gender equality between men and women. Data analysis involved several stages: data reduction, presentation, and concluding. The result revealed Afghan women's resistance to patriarchal culture in Afghanistan, a form of the cultural revolution in the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns analyzed using Barlas's feminist perspective.
GONTOR'S ARABIC VARIATION: A STUDY OF ARABIC LANGUAGE USE BY ALUMNI OF GONTOR MODERN ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL ON SOCIAL MEDIA (SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDIES)
This paper examines the variations of Gontor's Arabic style through a sociolinguistic approach. The objective of this study is to describe the styles of Arabic used by Pondok Modern Gontor (PMG) alumni on the social media platforms WhatsApp (WA) and Facebook (FB). The data in this paper were collected by the listening method from daily conversations of alumni on social media, and then continued through download and record techniques. The collected data were analyzed using contextual techniques. This study was successful in identifying the peculiarities of Gontor-style Arabic use by PMG alumni in social media, which manifest in several variations, including (1) verbal forms such as shortening (contractions), acronyms, and greetings; (2) the use of speech styles such as speech styles with polysemous expressions, speech styles using synonymous words, and speech styles with code-mixing; and (3) the specificity of linguistic forms consisting of Arabic vocabularies used and understood by fellow PMG alumni.
VISION 2030: SAUDI ARABIA’S MODERNIZATION
The Saudi Arabia Kingdom has a long history of applying Islamic law as a reference for state policies. The modernization that has taken place in Saudi Arabia certainly intersected with Wahhabism, adopted as the central ideology of the Saudi Arabia Kingdom. This study discusses Saudi Arabia's modernization efforts, which were initiated by Muhammad bin Salman’s Vision 2030. This study was designed with a descriptive-qualitative research method and used a literature review as the data collection technique. The theories used include Talcott Parsons' structural, functional theory with a decision-making process approach and the modernization theory by Inglehart and Welzel. The results revealed that the reign of King Salman and the Saudi Arabia Kingdom implemented Vision 2030 as a modernization of Muhammad bin Salman. Saudi Arabia's administration has gone through considerable changes from time to time. Societies once known to be conservative were able to quickly implement the economic and social reforms that began to lead to a liberal system. This is owing to the king's great power and the assurance of state welfare.
THE ESCALATION OF MIDDLE EASTERN KURDISTAN POLITICAL CONFLICT IN THE 1980s
This paper discusses the escalation of the Kurdish political struggle, which has spread to three Middle Eastern countries: Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. The conflict, which had a lengthy history, escalated in the 1980s. This study examines the historical description of the Kurdish war and the Kurds' efforts to reclaim their identity. Using Talcot's Structural Functionalism theory, the results revealed that Kurds in all three nations had resisted various measures to suppress identity from the 1980s to the present. Unfortunately, the ongoing struggle has earned little worldwide attention. Therefore, further research on the Kurds is required.
THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT IDEOLOGY ON TURKISH MUSLIM DRESSING
This study aims to explain how government ideology has influenced the Turkish Muslim dress, particularly during the reign of Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Recep Tayyip Erdogan. This study used a historical method, which includes collecting and searching for sources and then processing the data to find facts. There were four stages in carrying out the historical approach, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography, while data collection is used literature review. The results indicated that the way Turkish Muslims dress has been influenced by government ideology. Meanwhile, during the time of Mustafa Kemal, who upheld the secularist ideology, Turkish people were forbidden from wearing head coverings, veils, Muslim clothing, and fez. Even the Turkish people were ordered to dress in a Western style, while during the time of Tayyip Erdogan, where he tried to transform Turkish secularism into a more moderate one, lifted some of the prohibitions during the Kemal era by allowing the Turkish people to wear headscarves, veils, fez and Muslim clothing.
THE STRATEGY OF HOUTHIS TO SEIZE CONTROL OF YEMEN'S TERRITORY: DISTORTION OF SOCIAL NORMS IN CONFLICT
The Houthis' attempt at seizing control of Yemeni territory initially seemed like a protest against the presence of power. However, the Houthi rebellion grew louder and bolder until it crossed the boundaries of social norms. The Houthi group's efforts experienced increasing strong power dynamics, leading to a rising severe conflict. In line with the background, the researchers formulated three problem formulations: (1) How did the Houthis begin their efforts to seize control of Yemen's territory? (2) What are the factors that make the strategy of the Houthis a distortion of social norms in the conflict? (3) How do the dynamics of the Houthi power over Yemen play out in the distortion of social norms? This research is based on the argument that the Houthis are trying to distort social norms in Yemen. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The technique used in data collection is reading and taking notes. The data analysis techniques in this study are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. This research indicates that the conflict between the Houthis and Yemen is an organized conflict of interest.
UNITED STATES AND IRAN INTERVENTION IN THE POST-ARAB SPRING CONFLICT IN YEMEN
This article describes the involvement of the United States and Iran in the conflict that occurred in Yemen after the Arab Spring. The conflict occurred due to political turmoil between the government and the opposition, in which America is a supporter of the government regime along with their ally, namely Saudi Arabia. In the opposition camp, Iran gave their support to the Houthi group that had the same ideology, namely Shi'ah. This research was conducted to answer the question of what are the interests of the United States and Iran in the proxy war in Yemen? The theory used in this research is the concept of national interest. This concept is closely related to the view of realism in international relations. The research method used is descriptive analytical by analyzing the relevant variables from various sources that have been filtered according to research needs. After conducting research, it can be concluded that the involvement of the United States and Iran in the Yemen conflict can be seen from four factors of national interest, namely defense interests, economic interests, world order interests, and ideological interests. Of these four interests, both the US and Iran want to show their dominance, existence, strength and influence in global politics of eyes world through intervention in the Yemen conflict after the Arab Spring.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
POLITICAL LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS IN POST-DECADE YEMENI REVOLUTION: A LITERATURE REVIEW
During the decade following the Arab Spring and the Yemeni Revolution, significant changes and dynamics occurred in Yemen, particularly in the realms of politics and security. The current situation can be categorized as "stable" due to the absence of escalating conflicts between the parties involved. However, the cessation of hostilities between the Houthi rebels and the Yemeni government, supported by a coalition of Arab countries, has the potential to create new challenges. Additionally, the ongoing humanitarian crisis resulting from the Yemeni conflict continues to require international attention. Despite considerable attention given to the current state of Yemen, there is a lack of scholarly research utilizing scientific literature to examine the condition of Yemen a decade after the revolution. Consequently, this article aims to review the Yemeni Revolution after ten years, using relevant publications from 2012 to 2022 obtained through Google Scholar and the Publish or Perish application. The data will be visualized using the Vosviewer application as a basis for analysis. The findings of this research reveal the complex conditions underlying the ten-year conflict that emerged in the aftermath of the Yemeni Revolution, characterized by multifaceted conflicts interrelated with various factors that have prolonged the crisis.
PRACTICE OF POWER IN ILKHANATE: ANALYSIS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL EXCHANGE
Ilkhanate was a Mongol empire located in Persia. There were cultural changes and different forms of practice in exercising government power. However, despite the significance of understanding the practice of power in the Ilkhanate through the lens of communication theories, there is a research gap in exploring the specific dynamics of intercultural communication and social exchange theory within this context. Therefore, this study aims to fill this research gap by examining the interplay between power and communication in the Ilkhanate, mainly through the principles of intercultural communication and social exchange theory. The methodology employed in this research is a comprehensive literature study. The findings of this article highlight the inseparability of communication and power, emphasizing the role of intercultural communication in facilitating harmonious relations between diverse nations, including considerations of race, religion, and customs. Additionally, the rulers of the Ilkhanate strategically employed communication and adapted their policies to gain support from local communities, such as Persians and Arabs, particularly by catering to the Muslim population. This research contributes to understanding power practices and strategies in the Ilkhanate by elucidating their alignment with intercultural communication and social exchange theories.
THE HEGEMONY OF HAMAS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PALESTINIAN SOCIETY
This article explains the Hamas movement’s influence on Palestinian social conditions. This paper’s purpose is to describe the hegemony of Hamas in Palestine and its influence on the social behavior of the Palestinian people. The problem in this study is how the Hamas movement affects the social conditions of the Palestinian people. This research used a qualitative interpretive method and a hermeneutic method. This study uses Gramsci’s theory of hegemony as a scalpel. The results of this paper indicate that the hegemony of Hamas in Palestine affects the mindset, behavior, and vision of the Palestinian people. The Hamas movement influences people’s minds to defend and fight for the Palestinian territories from Israel. Hamas also forms the mindset of the people to seize power from Fatah, which is its political opponent in Palestine, who has different views on the form of a Palestinian state.
PLAGIARISM IN CLASSIC ARABIC POETICS (COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AL-JUMAHI AND AL-QAIRAWANY’S THOUGHTS)
This research aims to present an interpretation of literary criticism on the occurrence of plagiarism in classical Arabic poetry. The topic of plagiarism, contrasted theoretically, has not been extensively discussed in previous studies. Al-Jumahi was the first to disclose the problematic aspects behind the outstanding reputation of Arab poetry. Conversely, Al-Qairawany presented related theories more systematically. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method using a contrastive approach towards the two major works of these figures, namely Thabaqat Fuhul As-Syuara and Al-Umdah fi Al-Mahasin li As-Syuara wa Adabihi wa Naqdih. The findings reveal that Al-Jumahi and Al-Qairawany start from the same premise, albeit from differing perspectives. Al-Jumahi contends that all forms of imitation are acts of plagiarism, entirely unacceptable in the literary world. On the other hand, Al-Qairawany asserts that if imitation does not compromise the principle of creation and innovation, it can still be accepted as original literary work. Consequently, there is a significant development from the criticism of the Al-Jumahi period to the Al-Qairawany period.
THE DYNAMICS OF GENDER EQUALITY AND NEW DIRECTIONS FOR THE ROLE OF SAUDI WOMEN
This study explores the dynamics of gender equality between men and women in Saudi under the shadow of a patriarchal social structure and ultra-conservative Wahhabi theology. This study will also explore the views of Asghar Ali Engineer regarding the status of women in Islam through liberation theology and how it is contextualized with the status and role of Saudi women today. This research is a qualitative research whose database is literature in the form of authoritative books, journals and web articles. The results of this study are that gender equality between men and women in Saudi is experiencing dynamics that continue to change according to social conditions and interests that occur in the country. In decades Saudi women have experienced very strict restrictions, their role is limited to the domestic sphere and very few Saudi women have a role in the public sphere. Seeing this condition of Saudi women, Asghar Ali Engineer through liberation theology wants to remove all forms of subordination experienced by women, and Asghar Ali Engineer's view of liberation theology finds its relevance to Saudi women today where they are now enjoying their freedom and their rights have been restored.
THE EXISTENCE OF WOMEN IN THE QĀLŪ WISDOM QUOTES ANTHOLOGY BY ANIS MANSOUR (AN EXISTENTIALIST FEMINISM REVIEW)
This research concentrates on the analysis of the wisdom quotes compilation within the Qālū wisdom anthology by Anis Mansour. Among other studies on Mansour, examining this anthology of wisdom quotes is significant due to its previously unexplored nature, specifically regarding Mansour's attitude toward women as represented in this work. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive method and bibliographic technique, the study describes data related to women's existence and analyzes the data using Simone de Beauvoir's existentialist feminism approach. The findings suggest that Mansour affirms women's existence through his work by portraying more descriptions of women than men. Through these descriptions, women are shown to have superiority over men, even though in some places they are depicted as inferior. The anthology also discusses marriage, women's character, and women's liberation, which from an existentialist feminist viewpoint aligns with Simone de Beauvoir's perspective.
THE IMPACT OF THE CROSS-BORDER CULTURAL PHENOMENON OF THE KOREAN WAVE ON CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN SAUDI ARABIA
Globalization’s impact on culture is vividly apparent in the infiltration of foreign cultures into different countries, as exemplified by the permeation of the Korean Wave, or “Hallyu,” in Saudi Arabia. Among the Saudi youth, Korean TV dramas (K-dramas) and Korean Pop Music (K-POP) have experienced immense popularity, marking a significant shift in traditional ideological, political, and economic boundaries. This cultural shift facilitates an enhanced exchange between Korea and Saudi Arabia, igniting a newfound interest in the Korean language and culture. Concurrently, Korean fashion and beauty trends have seized the attention of Saudi Arabian youth, influencing their clothing, hairstyling, and beauty routines. This research aims to unravel the extent of influence and transformation instigated by such transnational cultural phenomena on local cultures. Utilizing a qualitative approach, this study conducts a literature review to explore the depth and breadth of the Korean Wave’s impact on Saudi Arabian society. Researchers face particular challenges, including limited research availability, language and cultural context, and the reliability of available data. However, despite these constraints, the study provides valuable insights into cultural globalization, media influence, and the dynamics of cross-cultural interactions, advancing our understanding of this evolving global landscape.
TRIAL RITUALS IN MOROCCO: ATTEMPTING TO UNDERSTAND THE REPRESENTATIONS AND EXPLICITNESS OF MODERNISATION CHOICES
This research aims to retrace and interpret the symbolic representations of trial rituals inherited from colonial times in North African countries, attempting to recycle them and make them more compatible with the principles of justice and fairness on which each trial is based. To this end, the researcher used a qualitative descriptive approach, which involved presenting the research problem, collecting the relevant data and analysing it before drawing conclusions. The research has produced several findings, the most important of which is that the symbolic framework of the trial, while helping to present the authority and legitimacy of justice, is in contrast to the values of justice, fairness and equality between the adversaries. It tends to condemn the still innocent accused, even practising intentional violence and ritually contaminating his identity by the insinuations and innuendoes it practices.
AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE DISPUTE: THE ESCHATOLOGICAL DIMENSION
This article examines the Israel-Palestine conflict through the lens of eschatology, a religious belief concerning end-of-age expectations, which often incites violent reactions. Despite extensive research on the Israel-Palestine conflict, there is a lack of comprehensive studies exploring the role of eschatology in this context. The Middle East, including Israel and Palestine, is a turbulent war zone with religion significantly fueling extreme hatred and violence. The focus is on the impact of religious traditions, particularly eschatology, which is prone to provoke violent reactions. The study analyzes this through five sections: eschatology prophecy, daily religion, Jerusalem’s role, expansion beyond Jerusalem, and the conveyed message. The article concludes that eschatology significantly influences this conflict, with violent apocalyptic prophecies exacerbating the situation. Resolving this conflict necessitates diverse interpretations of eschatology and apocalyptic prophecies and understanding religion’s role in the conflict.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE ROLES OF SAUDI ARABIAN WOMEN POST-IMPLEMENTATION OF THE "SAUDI VISION 2030" IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF MODERNISM
The modernization of Saudi Arabia, manifested in the Arab Vision 2030 policy, has implications for various sectors of life, including the perceived modern transformation of Saudi women. Among the research on Arab Vision 2030, this article specifically focuses on elaborating the forms of transformation of Saudi women in various fields. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method that focuses on exploring literature related to women's activities and roles in the public domain after the implementation of Arab Vision 2030 and analyzing them from a modernist perspective. The results show that Arab Vision 2030 significantly impacts women's activities and roles in the public domain, especially in the socio-cultural field. This includes women's freedom to engage in public spaces, even without the presence of a legitimate companion (mahram), and without wearing a niqab or burqa. Women are also granted freedom in the fields of education, such as unrestricted choice of study programs and politics, including the permission to become politicians and hold ministerial positions, and in the economic field, with the freedom to choose careers and become corporate leaders.
MOVEMENT STRATEGIES OF RADICAL GROUPS IN THE MIDDLE EAST: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ISIS AND AL-QAEDA
Radicalism remains a contentious issue in the Middle East today, with several radical movements closely associated with the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Al-Qaeda. This research examines the movement strategies of ISIS and Al-Qaeda, two groups often considered influential in the emergence of radical movements in various Middle Eastern countries. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method, focusing on mapping the movements of ISIS and Al-Qaeda and the implications of these movements for the emergence of new movements in the Middle East. The findings indicate that both ISIS and Al-Qaeda share a common understanding of the concept of jihad and a desire to establish an Islamic state in response to sectarian differences, Western-leaning governments in the region, and socio-political inequality in the Middle East. These movements have implications for the birth of other groups with similar ideologies, negatively impacting the region, and global perceptions of Islam.
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES’ OIL TRADE WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a country in the Middle East with significant potential for oil reserves. This condition is an advantage that the UAE can leverage to build cooperation with other countries. One potential partner for substantial oil trade investment is the European Union (EU). This research aims to describe the investment opportunities for the UAE in the oil sector with the EU. The method used is descriptive qualitative, involving describing and validating the phenomenon and analyzing it from the perspective of national and international trade interests. The results indicate that, with its oil potential, the UAE has a significant opportunity to invest in oil trade with the EU. This opportunity is enhanced by the UAE's existing positive relationship with the EU. Therefore, the UAE can capitalize on the EU's conditions, which restrict prices and embargo Russian oil, potentially becoming a major oil supplier to the EU. Consequently, the UAE's economy would grow, strengthening its influence in the EU region.
THE THOBE DRESS AS A NEW POLITICAL MOVEMENT AND FORM OF PALESTINIAN RESISTANCE
This research aims to analyze the issues of the new political movement and forms of Palestinian resistance through socio-cultural movements from the perspective of Sidney G. Tarrow. This resistance is reflected in the use of the thobe dress at the national and global levels. The movement began with posting photos of Palestinian women wearing thobes, leading to actions such as Rashida Tlaib, a member of the U.S. Congress, wearing a thobe during her inauguration. The research uses a descriptive analysis method with a literature review technique that focuses on interpreting the use as a social movement. The results show that the phenomenon of thobe use represents the resistance politics of Palestinian society and other supportive communities in confronting Zionist groups and elite factions that have marginalized Palestine.
THE GENDER EQUALITY CAMPAIGN IN PICTURE STORY AL-BINTU MITSLUL WALAD (A ROLAND BARTHES’S SEMIOTICS STUDY)
The picture story "Al-Bintu Mitslu al-Walad" by Fatimah Al-Ma’dul narrates the tale of a child named Salma who seeks justice for her rights in the arena of games. As a child, Salma demands an end to discrimination between girls and boys in choosing games. This article highlights Salma's childhood character and the equality she advocates. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method that focuses on describing the narrative and visual aspects of the book and interprets them from Roland Barthes' semiotic perspective. From Barthes' perspective on myth, the meaning of the struggle for gender equality represents the gender equality campaign of Hosni Mubarak, the leader of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Semiotically, the book reinforces Mubarak's policies regarding gender equality in Egypt, thereby not being considered mere rhetoric. Therefore, this book is presented as a way to seek support from the community.
THE STRUGGLE OF THE SYRIAN PEOPLE IN THE SONG "AL-CHUBBU YASÛD" BY MAHER ZAIN (A ROBERT CRAIG'S COMMUNICATION PERSPECTIVE)
As a medium for conveying messages, a song combines musical and literary art in its lyrics. The song "Al-Chubbu Yasûd," popularized by Maher Zain, narrates the struggle of the Syrian people through various lyrical expressions. This research focuses on the textual analysis of the song's lyrics using Robert Craig's communication theory approach. The qualitative descriptive method involves describing the denotative meaning of expressions that appear in the lyrics and then interpreting the connotative meanings contained within them. The research results indicate that the song "Al-Chubbu Yasûd" conveys the message of the Syrian people's struggle through various denotative words that support the atmosphere created by the song, such as words like fear, injustice, and loss. Connotatively, the expressions used in the song's lyrics speak about love for the homeland, defense of territory, Islamic values, and humanitarian values.
THE IMAGES OF WOMEN AS PROSTITUTES IN NAJIB AL-KILANI’S AL-JAWWU BARÎD AND EMHA AINUN NADJIB’S LELAKI KE-1000 DI RANJANGKU
Prostitution is often perceived as contrary to norms, especially in Muslim-majority countries like Egypt and Indonesia. This is reflected in the short stories "Al-Jawwu Barid" by Najib al-Kilani and "Lelaki ke-1000 di Ranjangku" by Emha Ainun Najib. Both stories from different countries highlight the issues of prostitution and women as its perpetrators. This research uses these two short stories to explore the image of women as prostitutes from a cross-cultural perspective. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method by describing the portrayal of women in both stories and interpreting how the two authors construct these images from different perspectives. The results show that al-Kilani and Najib construct women as prostitutes in contradiction to Islamic teachings. Furthermore, Najib also emphasizes cultural aspects and health impacts, raising awareness regarding prostitution behavior in society.
MEANING SHIFTS IN THE TRANSLATION OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN NAJIB AL-KILANI’S AMÂLIQATU ASY-SIMÂL
The novel Amâliqatu asy-Simâl by Najib al-Kilani narrates the true story of the civil war in Nigeria during British colonization. The linguistic and cultural differences that form the story's background necessitate a specific translation method for translating figurative expressions in the novel. This article examines the types of figurative expressions in the novel and the shifts in meaning that occur in translation. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method with an al-bayan science approach and the theory of meaning shifts. The results show 17 expressions containing majaz, including ten forms of 'isti'arah, three majaz mursal, and four kinayah. The translation achieves shifts in meaning through adding, replacing word class, and substituting due to semantic proximity.
THE FEMINIST IDEOLOGY OF PRESIDENT ABDEL FATTAH EL-SISI IN THE TEXT OF THE SPEECH FOR THE CELEBRATION OF EGYPTIAN WOMEN'S DAY
Compared to the Mohammed Morsi era, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi's regime has policies supporting women's rights and empowerment. Ironically, the facts indicate that the incidence of sexual harassment in Egypt during el-Sisi's administration remains high. This research discusses this issue by analyzing el-Sisi's Egyptian Women's Day speech. The study aims to uncover el-Sisi's ideology regarding the role of Egyptian women using Teun A. van Dijk's critical discourse analysis. The research is grounded in the gap between the discourse on women discussed in the text and social facts. It employs a qualitative descriptive method with the listen, read, and note technique. The research findings indicate that el-Sisi's speech reflects a liberal feminist ideology. His ideology constructs women as active participants in nation-building and contributors to the economic, social, and political sectors.
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