Efek Smoking Cessation Terhadap Perbaikan Gejala Penyakit Gastroesophageal Reflux : Telaah Sistematis

Ahmad Sabiq Shalih; Eti Poncorini  Pamungkasari; Vitri Widyaningsih

doi:10.20961/plexus.v4i5.1819

Authors

Ahmad Sabiq Shalih Program Studi Kedokteran, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta
Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta
Vitri Widyaningsih Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20961/plexus.v4i5.1819

Keywords:

berhenti merokok, GERD, faktor risiko, kualitas hidup

Abstract

Pendahuluan: Merokok merupakan salah satu faktor risiko yang memicu Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Berhenti merokok dianjurkan para klinisi untuk pasien perokok dengan GERD sebagai terapi modifikasi gaya hidup disamping terapi farmakologis. Namun, sejauh ini belum ada tinjauan sistematis yang mengevaluasi efek berhenti merokok terhadap gejala GERD. Oleh karena itu, tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis dan mengevaluasi bukti mengenai efektivitas berhenti merokok dalam memperbaiki gejala GERD dan kualitas hidup penderita.

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan tinjauan sistematis mengenai berhenti merokok dan perbaikan gejala GERD, dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari jurnal yang dipublikasikan hingga 3 Mei 2024 pada database PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Cochrane library. Hasil yang dikumpulkan meliputi penilaian GERD dengan membandingkan antara perokok dan mantan perokok, atau sebelum dan sesudah berhenti merokok. Risiko bias dinilai menggunakan Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS), dan sintesis data dilakukan secara deskriptif.

Hasil: Dari 573 artikel yang teridentifikasi pencarian, 13 artikel dipilih untuk analisis, yang terdiri dari studi cohort, case-control, dan cross-sectional. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa berhenti merokok secara signifikan mengurangi frekuensi refluks yang diukur dengan Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of GERD (FSSG), menurunkan risiko komplikasi GERD, dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien. Durasi berhenti merokok juga ditemukan sebagai faktor penting dalam menurunkan risiko komplikasi, dengan penurunan nilai OR 0.9 setiap tahunnya. Meskipun prevalensi refluks yang ditemukan tidak konsisten, pengendalian faktor risiko lain, seperti indeks massa tubuh (IMT), berperan dalam hasil tersebut.

Kesimpulan: Berhenti merokok memiliki efek yang positif terhadap perbaikan gejala GERD dalam hal menurunkan frekuensi refluks, menurunkan risiko komplikasi ataupun meningkatkan kualitas hidup.

References

Almourgi, M. A., Alamri, T. M., Algashmari, A. F., Nassir, R. A., Alharthi, A. A., & Alsharief, Q. F. (2022). Prevalence of Smokers among Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Patients in Western Saudi Arabia region. Pharmacophore, 13(2), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.51847/rzfyk4xnev

Awadalla, N. J. (2019). Personal, academic and stress correlates of gastroesophageal reflux disease among college students in southwestern Saudi Arabia: A cross-section study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 47, 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2019.10.009

Balasubramanian, G., Gupta, N., Giacchino, M., Singh, M., Kanakadandi, V., Gaddam, S., Wani, S. B., Higbee, A. D., Rastogi, A., Bansal, A., & Sharma, P. (2013). Cigarette smoking is a modifiable risk factor for Barrett’s oesophagus. United European gastroenterology journal, 1(6), 430–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640613504917

Clarrett, D. M., & Hachem, C. (2018). Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Missouri medicine, 115(3), 214–218.

Coleman, H. G., Bhat, S., Johnston, B. T., McManus, D., Gavin, A. T., & Murray, L. J. (2012). Tobacco Smoking Increases the Risk of High-Grade Dysplasia and Cancer Among Patients With Barrett’s Esophagus. Gastroenterology, 142(2), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.034

Filiberti, R., Fontana, V., De Ceglie, A., Blanchi, S., Grossi, E., Della Casa, D., Lacchin, T., De Matthaeis, M., Ignomirelli, O., Cappiello, R., Foti, M., Laterza, F., Annese, V., Iaquinto, G., & Conio, M. (2015). Smoking as an independent determinant of Barrett’s esophagus and, to a lesser degree, of reflux esophagitis. Cancer Causes & Control : CCC, 26(3), 419–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0518-8

Gorczyca, R., Pardak, P., Pękala, A., & Filip, R. (2019). Impact of gastroesophageal reflux disease on the quality of life of Polish patients. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 7(12), 1421–1429. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v7.i12.1421

Hallan, A., Bomme, M., Hveem, K., Møller-Hansen, J., & Ness-Jensen, E. (2015). Risk factors on the development of new-onset gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. A population-based prospective cohort study: The HUNT study. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 110(3), 393–400; quiz 401. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2015.18

Hancerlioglu, S., Yildirim, Y., & Bor, S. (2019). Validity and reliability of the Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia (QoLRAD) questionnaire in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease for the Turkish population. The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology, 30(6), 511–516. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjg.2019.18689

Kadota, K., Takeshima, F., Inoue, K., Takamori, K., Yoshioka, S., Nakayama, S., Abe, K., Mizuta, Y., Kohno, S., & Ozono, Y. (2010). Effects of Smoking Cessation on Gastric Emptying in Smokers. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 44(4), e71–e75. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181be9a0f

Katz, P. O., Dunbar, K. B., Schnoll-Sussman, F. H., Greer, K. B., Yadlapati, R., & Spechler, S. J. (2022). ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 117(1), 27–56. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538

Kayalı Dinc, A. S., Cayonu, M., Sengezer, T., & Sahin, M. M. (2020). Smoking Cessation Improves the Symptoms and the Findings of Laryngeal Irritation. Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal, 99(2), 124–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145561319881559

Kohata, Y., Fujiwara, Y., Watanabe, T., Kobayashi, M., Takemoto, Y., Kamata, N., Yamagami, H., Tanigawa, T., Shiba, M., Watanabe, T., Tominaga, K., Shuto, T., & Arakawa, T. (2016). Long-Term Benefits of Smoking Cessation on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Health-Related Quality of Life. PLOS ONE, 11(2), e0147860. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147860

Kubo, A., Levin, T. R., Block, G., Rumore, G., Quesenberry, C. P. J., Buffler, P., & Corley, D. A. (2009). Cigarette smoking and the risk of Barrett’s esophagus. Cancer Causes & Control : CCC, 20(3), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-008-9244-4

Li, L. F., Chan, R. L. Y., Lu, L., Shen, J., Zhang, L., Wu, W. K. K., Wang, L., Hu, T., Li, M. X., & Cho, C. H. (2014). Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 34(2), 372–380. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1786

Locke, G. R., Talley, N. J., Fett, S. L., Zinsmeister, A. R., & Melton, L. J. (1999). Risk factors associated with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. The American Journal of Medicine, 106(6), 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00121-7

Mahyoub, M. A., Al-Qurmoti, S., Rai, A. A., Abbas, M., Jebril, M., Alnaggar, M., & He, S. (2023). Adverse physiological effects of smoking cessation on the gastrointestinal tract: A review. Medicine, 102(38), e35124. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000035124

Modesti, P. A., Reboldi, G., Cappuccio, F. P., Agyemang, C., Remuzzi, G., Rapi, S., Perruolo, E., Parati, G., & ESH Working Group on CV Risk in Low Resource Settings. (2016). Panethnic Differences in Blood Pressure in Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE, 11(1), e0147601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147601

Nakajima, K., Nagahara, A., Kurosawa, A., Seyama, K., Asaoka, D., Osada, T., Hojo, M., & Watanabe, S. (2011). Quit smoking improves gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and quality of life. Health, 03(11), 677–683. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2011.311114

Ness-Jensen, E., Lindam, A., Lagergren, J., & Hveem, K. (2014). Tobacco smoking cessation and improved gastroesophageal reflux: A prospective population-based cohort study: The HUNT study. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 109(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.414

Patriota, P., Guessous, I., & Marques-Vidal, P. (2021). No changes in dietary intake after quitting smoking; a prospective study in Switzerland. BMC Nutrition, 7(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-021-00440-4

Piper, M. E., Bullen, C., Krishnan-Sarin, S., Rigotti, N. A., Steinberg, M. L., Streck, J. M., & Joseph, A. M. (2020). Defining and Measuring Abstinence in Clinical Trials of Smoking Cessation Interventions: An Updated Review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 22(7), 1098–1106. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz110

Shaqran, T. M., Ismaeel, M. M., Alnuaman, A. A., Al Ahmad, F. A., Albalawi, G. A., Almubarak, J. N., AlHarbi, R. S., Alaqidi, R. S., AlAli, Y. A., Alfawaz, K. S., & Daghriri, A. A. (2023). Epidemiology, Causes, and Management of Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 15(10), e47420. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.47420

Smit, C. F., Copper, M. P., Schoots, I. G., Van Leeuwen, J. A. M. J., & Stanojcic, L. D. (2001). Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Gastropharyngeal and Gastroesophageal Reflux. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, 110(2), 190–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/000348940111000216

Smith, K. J., O’Brien, S. M., Green, A. C., Webb, P. M., & Whiteman, D. C. (2009). Current and Past Smoking Significantly Increase Risk for Barrett’s Esophagus. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 7(8), 840–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2009.04.018

Takahashi, S., Matsumura, T., Kaneko, T., Tokunaga, M., Oura, H., Ishikawa, T., Nagashima, A., Shiratori, W., Akizue, N., Ohta, Y., Kikuchi, A., Fujie, M., Saito, K., Okimoto, K., Maruoka, D., Nakagawa, T., Arai, M., Kato, J., & Kato, N. (2021). Clinical Characteristics of Esophageal Motility Disorders in Patients With Heartburn. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 27(4), 545–554. https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm20131

Taylor, G. M., Lindson, N., Farley, A., Leinberger-Jabari, A., Sawyer, K., Te Water Naudé, R., Theodoulou, A., King, N., Burke, C., & Aveyard, P. (2021). Smoking cessation for improving mental health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2021(3), CD013522. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013522.pub2

Trudgill, N. J., Smith, L. F., Kershaw, J., & Riley, S. A. (1998). Impact of smoking cessation on salivary function in healthy volunteers. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 33(6), 568–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365529850171792

Young, A., Kumar, M. A., & Thota, P. N. (2020). GERD: A practical approach. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 87(4), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.87a.19114